Periodic Properties
Periodic tables and periodic properties (atomic and ionic radii, ionization energy,
electron affinity, electro-negativity) and their trends in periodic table, Their
applications in chemical bonding.
Chemical Bonding
Covalent bonding. V.B. Theory, VSEPR Theory, M O. Theory, homo nuclear and
hetero nuclear diatomic molecules, bond order and magnetic properties.
Resonance, hydrogen bonds and vimder Waals forces. Ionic solids - Born-Haber
cycle, Fajan's rule.
Structure and Binding
Hybridization, bond lengths and bind angles bond
energy, localized and delocalized chemical bond, van der Waals interactions,
inclusion compounds, clatherates, charge transfer complexes, resonance,
hyperunjugation, aromaticity, inductive and field effects, hydrogen bonding.
Chemical Bonding, Structure and Binding
Gaseous State
Postulates of kinetic theory of gases, deviation from ideal
behavior of van der Waal's equation of state. Critical temperature, pressure and
volume. Liquification of gases, Critical constants and vander Waals constants, the
law of corresponding states, reduced equation of state Molecular velocities —
r:m.s. velocity, average velocity, most probable velocity. Maxwell's distribution of
molecular velocities.
Solid State
Space lattice, Unit cell. Laws of crystallography. X-ray diffraction
by crystals. Bragg's equation coordination number radius ratio rule, detects in
crystals and their magnetic and electric behavior semi-conductors and super
conductors.
Thermodynamics
Law of thermodynamics, work, heat, energy. State functions
— E, H, S and G and their significance criteria for chemical equilibrium and
spontaneity of reactions. Variations of free energy with T, P and V Gibbs
Helmhotts equation. Entropy changes in gases for reversible and irreversible
processes. Hess law Bond energy.
Chemical kinetics and catalysis
Order and molecularity, chemical kinetics and
its scope, rate of a reaction, factors influencing rate of reaction. Rate equations of
zero, first and second order reactions. Pseudo order, half life and mean life.
Determination of order of reactions. Theories of chemical kinetics — collision
theory, transition state theory, Arrhenius equation, concept of activation energy,
effect of temperature on rate constant.
Catalysis, characteristics of catalysed reactions, theories of catalysis, examples.
Electrochemistry
Electronic conduction in electrolytic solutions, specific,
equivalents and molar conductance, effect of dilution on them, cell constant,
experimental method of determining conductance.
Migration of ions and Kohlrausch, law. Arrhenius theory of electorlytic
dissociation and its limitations, weak and strong electrolytes Ostwald's dilution
law, its uses and limitations Debye - Huckel Onsager's equation (elementary
treatment) Transport number - definition, determination by Hittor method.
Galvanic cells, electrodes and electrode reactions, Nernst equation, E.M.F. of cells,
Hydrogen electrode, electrochemical series, concentration cell and their
applications pH
. Buffer solutions theory of buffer action.
Transition and inner transition metals and complexes
General
characteristics of d-block elements, co-ordination components - nomenclature,
isomerism and bonding in complexes V.B. theory and crystal field theory. Werners
theory, EAN, metal carbonyls, cyclopentadienys, olefin and acetylene complexes.
Compounds with metal-metal bonds and metal atom clusters.
General chemistry of f-block elements Lanthanides and actinides - ionic radic,
separation, oxidation states, magnetic and spectral properties.
Organometallic Compounds
Organometallic compounds of Mg. Li & Zn their
formation, preparation, structure and systhetic applications.
Non-Aqueous solvents
Physical properties of a solvent, types of solvents and
their general characteristics, reactions in non-aqueous solvents with reference to
liqued NH3 and liquid SO2.
Hard and soft acids and bases
Classification of acids and bases as hard and
soft, Pearson's HSAB concept, acid-base strength and hardness and softness,
symbiosis, theoretical basis of hardness and softness, symbiosis, theoretical basis
of hardness and softness, electronegativity and hardness and softness
Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds
Isomerism, Optical isomerism -
elements of symmetry, molecular chirality, enantiomers, stereogenic centre, optical
activity properties of enantiomers, chiral and achiral moleculers with tar
stereogenic centres, diastereomers. threo and erythro diastereomers, meso
compounds, resolution of enantiomers. inversion, retention and racemizarion.
Relative and absolute configuration requence rule, D & L and R & S nomenclature.
Geometric isomerism: Determination of configuration of geometric isomers - E &
Z nomenclature, geometric isomerism ot oximes and alecyclic compounds.
Configuration and confurmation, conformations of ethane, butane and
cyclohexane.
Mechanism of organic reactions
Homolytic and heterolytic bond breaking,
types of reagents - carbocations. and nucleophiles, types of organic reactions,
Reactive intermediates - Carbocations, carbanions, free radicals, carhbenes, arynes, and nitrenes (with examples) Different types of addition, substitution and
elimination reactions - SN1
, SN2
, SNi
, E1, E2, E1cb etc.
Organic Synthesis via enolates
Acidity of α-llydrogens, preparation,
properties and synthetic applications of diethyl malonate and eithyl acctoacetate,
keto-enol tautomeins.
Carbohydrates
Classification and nomenclature Monosacharides, mechanism
of asazone formation, interconversion of glucose and fructose, chain lengthening
and chain shortening of aldoses and ketoses, Anomers and epimers Formation of
glycosides, ethers and esters Ring structure of glucose and fructose mechanism of
mutarotation.
Polymers
Addition or chain growth polymerization. Free radical vingt
polymerization, ionic vingl polymerizations, Ziegler - Natta polymerization and
vinigl polymers. Condensation or step-growth polymerization, Polyesters,
polyamider, phenol-formaldelyde resins, urea-formaldelyde resins, epoxy.resins
and polyurethanes.
Natural and synthetic rubbers. Inorganic polymeric systems - silicones and
phosphazenes, nature of bonding in triphosphazenes.
Carbohydrates and Polymers
Alkanes and cycloalkanes: Preparation of alkanes - wartz reactions Kolbe reaction, Corey - House reaction etc physical and chemical properties, free-radical halogenation of alkanes - reactivity and selectivity. Cycloalkanes : Nomenclature, formation, properties - Baeger's strain theory.
Alkenes, cyclocalkenes, Diencs & Alkynes: Mechanism of dehydration of alcohols, and delydrogenation of alkyl halides, regioselectivity in alcohol dehydration. The saytzeff rule, Hofmanu elimination Mechanisn involved in hydrogenation, electrophilic and free radical additions, markownikoffs rule, kharasch effect, hydroboration - oxidation, oxymercuration - reduction, Epoxidation, Ozonolysis, hydration, hydroxyltion and oxidation with KMnOu. Polymenization. Substitution at the allylic and vinylic positions of alkenes. Uses Dienes: Classificatin, preparation, properties Alkyness : Preparation, properties, acidic reactions of alkynes, mechanism of electrophilic and nucleophilic addition reactions, hydroboration - oxidation, metal-ammonia reductins, oxidation and polymerization.
Arenes and Aromaticity: Aromaticity : The Huckel rule, arematic ions, M.O. diagram, anti-aromatic, Aromatic electrophilic substitution — Mechanism, role of σ and Ï€ complexes. Mechanism of nitration, halogenters sulphonation, mercuration and Friedel Crafts reaction. Energy profile diagram, activating and deactivating substituents, orientation, ortho-para ratio. Side-chain reactions of benzene derivatives. Birch reduction.
Study of some reactions
Pinacol - pinacotone rearrangement, aldol reaction,
perkin reaction. Cannizzaro's reaction, Mannich reaction, Clemmensen reduction,
claisen rearrangement, Peimer Tiemann reaction, Friedel crafts reaction, Fries
rearrangement. Reformatsky reaction.
Study of some reactions
- UV - Visible spectroscopy
- ESR Spectroscopy (complexes)
Photochemistry
Interaction of radiation with matter, difference between
thermal and photochemical processes. Lawa of photochemistry — GrothusDrapper law, stark-Einstein law, Jablonski diagram. Fluerescence.
phosphorescence, Quantum yield Photoelectric cells.
Spectroscopy
Basic principles of the following type of spectroscopy and their applications in determining structures.
